Great Self Help Tips To Help You Move Forward - ProjectPB ? The ...

Sometimes when you first step onto the road of self improvement, it can all be a little overwhelming. A number of aspects to this. It ranges from eating healthier to being friendlier to other people. Internal self improvement can also occur on so many levels. After finding ways to develop yourself personally not only will you feel better, but others will take notice of your improvements.

A better diet can help you get rid of depression; try eating more complex carbohydrates. If you are not getting enough complex carbs, you serotonin levels will be low. If you increase the amount of fresh fruits and veggies you eat and also add more nuts and whole grains to your diet, you will meet your goal.

You need to learn from someone who knows a lot if you want to win. The proper mentor can guide you through the tough times on your way to becoming a champion. Everyone is responsible for showing how to live well to others. Sharing knowledge can helping others realize and achieve their goals is crucial. Everyone needs a great coach or teacher in their life.

TIP! Read literature that is focused on personal development. The best personal development books can give you new ideas and advice that could change your life forever.

Are you a heavy drinker? Think about your other harmful habits, like smoking cigarettes. Your body is sacred, and you have to learn to respect it. Cutting bad habits out of your life is a way to improve it. Take an honest inventory of your life to see where you can make improvements.

Succeed at everything you set your mind to. Follow your passions to decide what to excel at. It is easier to make the changes that mean the most to you, even if you aren?t the best. Try your hardest to succeed in different areas of your career, and your self-esteem is going to reap the benefits.

In order to work on your personal development, you have to be willing to be humble. You need to know that in the grand scheme of things, your problems are very insignificant. You can then focus your attention on positive growth and development.

TIP! Identify your personal values to help you determine your personal development plan. You will not be happy or motivated if your plan goes against what you believe in.

You might?ve heard that listening can be as vital as speaking. This is particularly sage advice if you are working on your personal development. Always pay attention to what you are telling yourself. If you don?t, you will not know what you need, nor will you improve yourself.

Accomplish the things in life you want to accomplish. You can put all the thought into it and devise a perfect plan for life but if you never put it into action, then you will not see results. Take action with the goal of realizing your dreams.

Keep in mind that everyday should be better than the previous one. Try to see each day as a way to improve. Try your hardest to achieve something different today than what you achieved yesterday.

TIP! You can benefit by learning about other individuals who are a success. Using others life experiences to help guide you on your own path, can help you to avoid making avoidable mistakes in your life.

Your health has an effect on your emotional state. Exercise regularly and eat a delicious and healthy diet of nutritious foods. Your mind and body must both be healthy to feel your best.

See what habits successful people have in common, and adopt them. Start with a couple habits and then practice them until they?re permanent parts of your life. In general, it takes approximately three weeks to turn a new behavior into an accustomed habit, so have confidence in yourself and don?t quit before you?ve really given yourself a chance to succeed.

Speaking to a therapist or religious official can really help you out. These people are educated and licensed to handle any problems you have, and usually have experience as well. They are able to look into your life from the outside and analyze things you can?t see. When you can talk out your issues with a licensed professional, you will find your life will be much happier.

TIP! Never force yourself to work beyond your physical limitations as you pursue your goals. Take your best shot, but know when you have reached your limit.

Compose a pep talk for yourself. Take a postcard and write down all the things that you like about yourself. Whenever you feel a lack of confidence, read it. Take it a step further and record yourself reading your list. What good would this do?

Leadership is an important part of someone?s self improvement. While there are multiple ways to define leadership, most people regard it as influence. Think about your own leadership experiences. What experiences have changed the person you are? In what ways have you changed due to these events? How did your leadership skills come into play during those events? Analyzing these questions can help you generate a team perspective and allow you to lead by example.

Having a degree and the ability to do the job is usually more important than which school you attended. Of course, there are some exceptions, such as the large financial institutions. Truthfully, it?s more crucial that you have obtained a degree and expanded your horizons.

TIP! Ego and self esteem can suffer as a result of failure when one is striving to make strides in the area of personal development. Actually, failure is really a learning experience.

It is hoped that this article was of assistance with ideas on how you can personally develop yourself for the better. However, there are many other ways in which you may further improve your life. No matter your age, self improvement should be something we all strive towards.

Is everything about Self Improvement a mystery to you? You have a lot of company! The good news is the the solid advice in the article above can help you on your way. Reread it as often as you need to retain the information within.

Source: http://www.projectpb.net/blog/index.php/personal_development/great-self-help-tips-to-help-you-move-forward-3/

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Sports-related concussions and traumatic brain injuries: Research roundup

The issue of concussions in sports has attracted considerable media coverage in recent years. Understandably, the early focus was on professional football, a game built around high-speed, full contact between heavy, powerful players.

A pioneer of reporting in this field was Alan Schwarz of the New York Times; his work highlighted the history of concussions and their consequences in the NFL. The league has responded by banning some high-risk hits, and also aggressively investigated a ?bounty pools? scandal that involved a team paying bonuses to players who injured opponents. (Similar behavior has even turned up in a Pop Warner youth league.) Retired players continue to pursue legal action and raise awareness of the issue, particularly with cases of former players suffering from early-onset dementia that can result from repeated brain trauma.

Ice hockey is another rough, physical sport that takes a high toll. NHL all-star player Sidney Crosby was out for the better part of a year, beginning in 2010, because of a severe concussion. The long-term consequences of such injuries can be dire: A?post-mortem of NHL ?enforcer? Derek Boogaard, who died in May 2011, determined that he suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a progressive degenerative disease directly linked to repeated brain injuries.

Even professional sports that aren?t designed around physical contact between players can result in concussions. During the National Basketball Association 2012 Finals, Oklahoma City star James Harden suffered one just before the beginning of the playoffs. In Major League Baseball, concussions are known to have helped end the careers of Mike Matheny (now the manager of the St. Louis Cardinals) and Corey Koskie; they also cost Minnesota Twins star Justin Morneau the better part of a season of play. The league instituted a disabled list for players with concussions in 2011 and continues to work on the issue.

Concussion risk starts at the youth level, in football and ice hockey as well as baseball, soccer, boxing, gymnastics, horseback riding, skiing and cycling ? any sport with potential for hard contact. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. emergency departments annually treat an average of 173,285 sports- and recreation-related traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents. Such emergency visits have increased 60% over the past decade; in 2009 alone, there were 248,418 such cases. Because of specific concerns over youth football, Virginia Tech and Wake Forest have started a ratings system for helmets.

New research from Harvard, Dartmouth, Brown and Virginia Tech has called into question whether current diagnostic techniques are adequate. In addition, the long-term effects of head injury are only partially understood. The Boston University Center for Traumatic Encephalopathy, which received a $1 million donation from the NFL in 2010, continues to examine the brains of deceased athletes to research and compile case studies on the long-term effects of concussions; the center also conducts other inquiries and publishes academic studies in this evolving field.

Below are studies and articles that bring a research perspective to questions around concussions in sports:

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?The Spectrum of Disease in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?
McKee, Ann C, et al. Brain, November 2012, 135 (11).

Excerpts: ?Chronic traumatic encephalopathy [CTE] is a progressive tauopathy that occurs as a consequence of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. We analysed post-mortem brains obtained from a cohort of 85 subjects with histories of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and found evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in 68 subjects: all males, ranging in age from 17 to 98 years (mean 59.5 years), including 64 athletes, 21 military veterans (86% of whom were also athletes) and one individual who engaged in self-injurious head banging behaviour?. CTE is a unique neurodegenerative condition that is associated with repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Although there are many issues that require more thorough investigation, such as how much head trauma is causative, what type, and how frequent, the age when players are most susceptible and whether some individuals are genetically more prone than others, this study clearly shows that for some athletes and war fighters, there may be severe and devastating long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma that has traditionally been considered only mild.?

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?Spectrum of Acute Clinical Characteristics of Diagnosed Concussions in College Athletes Wearing Instrumented Helmets?
Duhaime, Anne-Christine, et al. Journal of Neurosurgery, October 2012.

Excerpt: ?Data were collected from 450 athletes with 486,594 recorded head impacts. Forty-eight separate concussions were diagnosed in 44 individual players. Mental clouding, headache, and dizziness were the most common presenting symptoms. Thirty-one diagnosed cases were associated with an identified impact event; in 17 cases no specific impact event was identified. Onset of symptoms was immediate in 24 players, delayed in 11, and unspecified in 13. In 8 cases the diagnosis was made immediately after a head impact, but in most cases the diagnosis was delayed (median 17 hours). One diagnosed concussion involved a 30-second loss of consciousness; all other players retained alertness. Most diagnoses were based on self-reported symptoms?. Approximately two-thirds of diagnosed concussions were associated with a specific contact event. Half of all players diagnosed with concussions had delayed or unclear timing of onset of symptoms. Most had no externally observed findings. Diagnosis was usually based on a range of self-reported symptoms after a variable delay. Accelerations clustered in the higher percentiles for all impact events, but encompassed a wide range. These data highlight the heterogeneity of criteria for concussion diagnosis, and in this sports context, its heavy reliance on self-reported symptoms. More specific and standardized definitions of clinical and objective correlates of a ?concussion spectrum? may be needed in future research efforts, as well as in the clinical diagnostic arena.?

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?Epidemiology of Concussions among United States High School Athletes in 20 Sports?
Marar, M., et al. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2012.

Excerpt: ?During the study period, 1,936 concussions were reported during 7,780,064 athlete-exposures (AEs) for an overall injury rate of 2.5 per 10,000 AEs. The injury rate was higher in competition (6.4) than practice (1.1) ? The majority of concussions resulted from participation in football (47.1%, n = 912), followed by girls? soccer (8.2%, n = 159), boys? wrestling (5.8%, n = 112), and girls? basketball (5.5%, n = 107). Football had the highest concussion rate (6.4), followed by boys? ice hockey (5.4) and boys? lacrosse (4.0)?. In gender-comparable sports, girls had a higher concussion rate (1.7) than boys (1.0)?. The most common mechanisms of injury were player-player contact (70.3%) and player-playing surface contact (17.2%). In more than 40% of athletes in sports other than girls? swimming and girls? track, concussion symptoms resolved in 3 days or less. Athletes most commonly returned to play in 1 to 3 weeks (55.3%), with 22.8% returning in less than 1 week and 2.0% returning in less than 1 day?. Although interest in sports-related concussions is usually focused on full-contact sports like football and ice hockey, concussions occur across a wide variety of high school sports. Concussion rates vary by sport, gender, and type of exposure. An understanding of concussion rates, patterns of injury, and risk factors can drive targeted preventive measures and help reduce the risk for concussion among high school athletes in all sports.?

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?Response to Acute Concussive Injury in Soccer Players: Is Gender a Modifying Factor??
Zuckerman, S.L., et al. Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics, October 2012.

Abstract: ?Several studies have suggested a gender difference in response to sports-related concussion (SRC). The Concussion in Sport group did not include gender as a modifying factor in SRC, concluding that the evidence at that point was equivocal. In the present study the authors endeavored to assess acute neurocognitive and symptom responses to an SRC in equivalent cohorts of male and female soccer players. The authors hypothesized that female athletes would experience greater levels of acute symptoms and neurocognitive impairment than males?. The results failed to replicate prior findings of gender specific baseline neurocognitive differences in verbal and visual memory. The findings also indicated no differential gender based acute response to concussion (symptoms or neurocognitive scores) among high school soccer players. The implications of these findings for the inclusion of gender as a modifying factor in this tightly matched cohort are addressed.?

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?Management of the Athlete with Concussion?
Su, John K., etc. The Permanente Journal, 2012.

Excerpt: ?The approach to and management of the athlete with concussion can be a challenging endeavor to physicians who care for athletes who have suffered a head injury?this group includes family physicians, pediatricians, internists, emergency medicine physicians, primary sports medicine physicians, orthopedic surgeons, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. Sometimes questions regarding the need for neurologic, psychological, or radiographic imaging can make the decision for return to play unclear. New legislation will undoubtedly increase physician visits for these athletes to return to play. Thus, the goal of this article is to review the latest guidelines regarding concussion management to help all physicians who care for athletes do so appropriately.?

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?Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football?
Daniel, Ray W., et al. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, February 2012.

Abstract: ?The head impact exposure for athletes involved in football at the college and high school levels has been well documented; however, the head impact exposure of the youth population involved with football has yet to be investigated, despite its dramatically larger population. The objective of this study was to investigate the head impact exposure in youth football. Impacts were monitored using a custom 12 accelerometer array equipped inside the helmets of seven players aged 7 to 8 years old during each game and practice for an entire season. A total of 748 impacts were collected from the 7 participating players during the season, with an average of 107 impacts per player. Linear accelerations ranged from 10 to 100 g, and the rotational accelerations ranged from 52 to 7694 rad/s2. The majority of the high level impacts occurred during practices, with 29 of the 38 impacts above 40 g occurring in practices. Although less frequent, youth football can produce high head accelerations in the range of concussion causing impacts measured in adults. In order to minimize these most severe head impacts, youth football practices should be modified to eliminate high impact drills that do not replicate the game situations.?

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?Sports-Related Head Injury?
American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Patient Information Report, December 2011.

Excerpt: ?A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a blow or jolt to the head, or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on the extent of damage to the brain. Mild cases may result in a brief change in mental state or consciousness, while severe cases may result in extended periods of unconsciousness, coma or even death.?

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?Functionally-Detected Cognitive Impairment in High School Football Players Without Clinically Diagnosed Concussion?
Talavage, T.M., et al. Journal of Neurotrama, 2011.

Findings: Overall, the data suggest ?the presence of a previously unknown, but suspected ? group of athletes exhibiting neurocognitive deficits that persist over time, but which does not present observable symptoms.? The study?s authors say the findings indicate current on-field tests for concussions may not be sufficient in determining full risks to the brain.?

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?Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injuries Related to Sports and Recreation Activities Among Persons Aged ? 19 Years: United States, 2001-2009?
Gilchrist, Julie, et al. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2011.

Excerpt: ?From 2001 to 2009, the number of annual [Traumatic Brain Injury-related Emergency Department visits] increased significantly, from 153,375 to 248,418, with the highest rates among males aged 10-19 years. By increasing awareness of TBI risks from sports and recreation, employing proper technique and protective equipment, and quickly responding to injuries, the incidence, severity, and long-term negative health effects of TBIs among children and adolescents can be reduced.?

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?Assessment and Management of Sport-Related Concussions in United States High Schools?
Meehan, William P., et al. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011.

Excerpt: ?Concussions account for nearly 15% of all sport-related injuries in high school athletes. The timing of return to play after a sport-related concussion is similar regardless of whether the decision to return the athlete to play is made by a physician or an AT. When a medical doctor is involved, most concussions are assessed by primary care physicians as opposed to subspecialists. Computed tomography is obtained during the assessment of 1 of every 5 concussions occurring in high school athletes.?

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?Clinical Report: Sport-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents?
Halstead, Mark E., etc. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010.

Excerpt: ?Sport-related concussion is a ?hot topic? in the media and in medicine. It is a common injury that is likely underreported by pediatric and adolescent athletes. Football has the highest incidence of concussion, but girls have higher concussion rates than boys do in similar sports. A clear understanding of the de?nition, signs, and symptoms of concussion is necessary to recognize it and rule out more severe intracranial injury? This report serves as a basis for understanding the diagnosis and management of concussion in children and adolescent athletes.?

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?Trends in Concussion Incidence in High School Sports: A Prospective 11-Year Study?
Lincoln, Andrew E., et al. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, May 2011.

Abstract: ?Data were prospectively gathered for 25 schools in a large public high school system. All schools used an electronic medical record-keeping program?. 2651 concussions were observed in 10,926, 892 athlete-exposures, with an incidence rate of 0.24 per 1000. Boys? sports accounted for 53% of athlete-exposures and 75% of all concussions. Football accounted for more than half of all concussions, and it had the highest incidence rate (0.60). Girls? soccer had the most concussions among the girls? sports and the second-highest incidence rate of all 12 sports (0.35). Concussion rate increased 4.2-fold (95% confidence interval, 3.4-5.2) over the 11 years (15.5% annual increase). In similar boys? and girls? sports (baseball/softball, basketball, and soccer), girls had roughly twice the concussion risk of boys. Concussion rate increased over time in all 12 sports?. Although the collision sports of football and boys? lacrosse had the highest number of concussions and football the highest concussion rate, concussion occurred in all other sports and was observed in girls? sports at rates similar to or higher than those of boys? sports. The increase over time in all sports may reflect actual increased occurrence or greater coding sensitivity with widely disseminated guidance on concussion detection and treatment.?

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?Catastrophic Sports Injury Research Twenty-Ninth Annual Report Fall 1982 ? Spring 2011? (PDF)
Mueller, Frederick O., et al. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 2011.

Description: ?The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research collects and disseminates death and permanent disability sports injury data that involve brain and/or spinal cord injuries. The research is funded by a grant from the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the American Football Coaches Association, and the National Federation of State High School Associations. This research has been conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill since 1965. Each year three annual reports are compiled.?

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?Hockey Concussion: Is It Child Abuse??
Hemond, Chris. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2012.

Excerpt: ?If not a stampede, it appears there is at least a slow shuffle of Canadian youngsters out of contact hockey as a result of widespread publicity about the parade of National Hockey League (NHL) superstars onto injured reserve lists. Meanwhile, one critic says Hockey Canada?s failure to implement even more stringent anti-concussion measures constitutes nothing short of ?child abuse.??

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?Effect of Bodychecking on Rate of Injuries Among Minor Hockey Players?
Cusimano, Michael D., et al. Open Medicine, 2011.

Excerpt: ?Bodychecking is a leading cause of injury among minor hockey players. Its value has been the subject of heated debate since Hockey Canada introduced bodychecking for competitive players as young as 9 years in the 1998/1999 season?. In this study, the odds of injury increased with decreasing age of exposure to bodychecking. These findings add to the growing evidence that bodychecking holds greater risk than benefit for youth and support widespread calls to ban this practice.?

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?Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport?
McCrory, P., et al. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 2009.

Excerpt: ?This document is developed for use by physicians, therapists, certi?ed athletic trainers, health professionals, coaches and other people involved in the care of injured athletes, whether at the recreational, elite or professional level. While agreement exists pertaining to principal messages conveyed within this document, the authors acknowledge that the science of concussion is evolving and therefore management and return to play (RTP) decisions remain in the realm of clinical judgment on an individualized basis.?

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Tags: sports, children, youth, safety, research roundup

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By Alex Remington | December 28, 2012

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/journalistsresource/~3/2uMFJ3-Ug_w/sports-related-concussions-head-injuries-what-does-research-say

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Military projects and nanotechnology push boundaries of flexible electronics in imaging technologies

Posted: Dec 29th, 2012 (Nanowerk News) Aiming to address the strategic military need for accurate, high-resolution imaging, a University of Wisconsin-Madison electrical and computer engineer working with the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the U.S. Department of Defense has a simple goal: to make night vision more accurate and easier for soldiers and pilots to use.
Jack Ma Through some key breakthroughs in flexible semiconductors, electrical and computer engineering Professor Zhenqiang "Jack" Ma has created two imaging technologies that have potential applications beyond the 21st century battlefield.

With $750,000 in support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), Ma has developed curved night-vision goggles using germanium nanomembranes.

Creating night-vision goggles with a curved surface allows a wider field of view for pilots, but requires highly photosensitive materials with mechanical bendability-the silicon used in conventional image sensors doesn't cut it.

Instead, Ma's design employs flexible germanium nanomembranes: a transferrable flexible semiconductor that until now has been too challenging to use in imagers due to a high dark current, the background electrical current that flows through photosensitive materials even when they aren't exposed to light.

"Because of their higher dark current, the image often comes up much noisier on germanium-based imagers," says Ma. "We solved that problem." Ma's dark current reduction technology has also been recently licensed to Intel. In another imaging project, the U.S. Department of Defense has provided Ma with $750,000 in support of development of imagers for military surveillance that span multiple spectra, combining infrared and visible light into a single image. "The reason they are interested in IR is because visible light can be blocked by clouds, dust, smoke," says Ma. "IR can go through, so simultaneous visible and IR imaging allows them to see everything." Inexpensive silicon makes production of visible light imagers a simple task, but IR relies on materials incompatible with silicon. The current approach involves a sensor for IR images and a sensor for visible light, combining the two images in post-processing, which requires greater computing power and hardware complexity. Instead, Ma will employ a heterogeneous semiconductor nanomembrane, stacking the two incompatible materials in each pixel of the new imager to layer IR and visible images on top of one another in a single image. The result will be imagers that can seamlessly shift between IR and visible images, allowing the picture to be richer and more quickly utilized for strategic decisionmaking. "They are looking for the highest resolution they can get," says Ma. "Something that can take one picture with everything in it."

Source: http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=28238.php

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Archbishop of Canterbury says Anglican church wounded, not dead

LONDON (Reuters) - The leader of the Church of England on Tuesday said a vote last month that struck down proposals to allow women to become bishops had been "deeply painful", but that Christianity was still relevant in Britain despite falling numbers of believers.

Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, who leads the global 80-million-strong Anglican Communion, said in his Christmas day sermon that the answer to the question of whether Christianity had "had its day" was a "resounding no".

The Church of England narrowly voted against allowing women bishops last month - to the dismay of Williams and Prime Minister David Cameron - in a move its leaders said risked undermining its role as the established church in society with clerics in parliament's upper chamber.

The media, many politicians and some members of the public have criticized the Church of England for failing to allow women bishops and for failing to back government plans for gay marriage at a time when it is under pressure to modernize.

In separate comments aired on Tuesday but recorded earlier, the Roman Catholic Church's leader in England and Wales, Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols, said the government's plans to allow gay marriage were a "shambles" and had no mandate.

No religious organization or cleric will be forced to conduct gay weddings under the plans, but critics fear that clause could be challenged under European human rights laws.

A census showed earlier this month that the number of people in England and Wales describing themselves as Christian has declined by 13 percent over the last decade, but Williams warned secularists not to become "too excited".

"There are a lot more questions to ask before we could possibly assume that the census figures told us that faith was losing its hold on society," Williams said.

"In the deeply painful aftermath of the synod's vote last month, what was startling was how many people who certainly wouldn't have said yes to the census question turned out to have a sort of investment in the church," he said.

Williams, 62, is stepping down after 10 years in his post, and will be replaced next year by former oil executive Justin Welby.

Williams has agonized over schisms in the Anglican Communion and has said he hopes his successor has "the constitution of an ox and the skin of a rhinoceros".

(Reporting by Mohammed Abbas; Editing by Andrew Osborn)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/archbishop-canterbury-says-anglican-church-wounded-not-dead-124122617.html

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Creative Writing Prompts: English Essay Writing

A few observations could be made on English essays and English essay writing. The first thing about the essay is that it is a literary work that is indefinable in nature. It is a definitely a type of literature, but it is not exactly possible to be analyzed, and that is the reason for which literary men and critics differ widely in their assessment of the nature of an essay. Secondly, an essay may be written on any subject irrespective of it being high or low, slight or great. The art of English essay-writing is dependent on the adequate treatment of the concerning subject. The third relevant issue is the importance of the manner in writing an essay. In fact, it is the very manner, as a customary practice, a few observations may be made on essay and not the subject itself that counts in the essay, which has to be impressive and attractive enough in expression. The mode or the pattern of writing is the fourth aspect in the essay. There are no golden rules in terms of the narrative, reflective, subjective and so on, and the essayist may have his own choice of method. The golden key to good English essay writing is freedom of writing.

The writer is given the liberty to choose his own technique in order to make his writing impressive and attractive at the same time. The final observation in English essay writing is that there the style of the essay writer that cannot grow under the fetters of instructions. The style with which the essayist writes is the product of his independent self and may differ from other essay writers. It is needless to mention that English essay writing is a distinct form of literary art, and needs a very creative spirit as well as well as a creative way of writing. A good English essay writing depends, too, like other successful literary form, on the right interpretation of the matter and the manner, of the content and the form. Informality and freedom are the qualities of an essay as distinguished from a dissertation. The want of an organic quality and the absence of that orderly and logical mode of procedure that we look for in the more ambitious kinds of literature may be reckoned among the most pronounced structural peculiarities of the English essay writing. Essay rose because men felt a desire to express through a vehicle in which they could enjoy something of a freedom of expression.

The well-marked tendency among modern English essayists towards greater logical regularity and consistency of structure is only one among many other signs of the evolution of the literary type of English essay writing in response to changing conditions. With Lamb, Hazlitt and De Quincy, the English essay writing became the popular form in which the mind roams independently, soars and sinks. The mantle has fallen on the modern essayists.

Lucas says:

"His body lies a-moldering in the grave

But his soul goes marching on"

Source: http://contactcollective.blogspot.com/2012/12/english-essay-writing.html

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Caution: Beware of exploding Pyrex this holiday season (Americablog)

Share With Friends: | | Politics - Top Stories Stories, News Feeds and News via Feedzilla.

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Contact close to and see rates of interest and service fees. Most pay day loan organizations have very similar service fees and rates of interest, but not all. You just might help save ten or twenty $ $ $ $ on your bank loan if an individual business supplies a decrease interest rate. If you often get these loans, the financial savings will add up.

See the small print prior to getting any loans.

Because there are typically extra fees and terminology invisible there. A lot of people make the mistake of not doing that, plus they turn out owing a lot more than they borrowed to start with. Make sure that you understand totally, anything at all you are putting your signature on.

Mentioned previously prior to, should you be in the midst of an economic scenario in which you will need cash promptly, a pay day loan may be a viable option for you. Just be sure you recall the tips from your report, and you?ll have a great pay day loan in no time.

Source: http://www.mandarinmnemonics.com/bank-wont-give-you-cash-try-a-payday-loan/

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PCR's guide to video conferencing | The latest ... - PCR-online.biz

We take a look at some of the latest options available to keep users and businesses connected.

SCOPIA VC240 - price varies
Distributor: Midwich
THEY SAY: The SCOPIA VC240 high-definition desktop video conferencing system integrates advanced video conferencing into a Samsung high-resolution 24-inch LCD monitor.
SPECS: 23.6-inch widescreen monitor, 1920x1080 screen resolution, 720P live video, advanced screen layouts.

LIFE CHAT LX-3000 - ?24.99
Distributor: Gem Distribution, Ingram Micro, Westcoast
THEY SAY: Sit back with the LifeChat LX-3000 and enjoy the quality digital sound, made even better with total-comfort leatherette ear pads. With the USB connection, you can get plugged in fast and when you?re ready to talk, the noise- cancelling microphone makes sure you?re heard crystal clear.
SPECS: USB connection, leatherette ear pads, six-foot cable, noise- cancelling microphone.

PLANTRONICS CALISTO P620-M - ?119.99
Distributor: Micro-P
THEY SAY: The first wireless speakerphone designed for unified communications, Calisto 620 seamlessly integrates calls from laptops, smartphones or tablets in a lightweight portable solution that is hassle-free and sounds great.
SPECS: Bluetooth mini USB adapter, up to seven-hours talk time, 360- degree room coverage, PC wideband audio, compact and wireless design.

LOGITECH CONFERENCE CAM - ?199
Distributor: Gem Distribution, Spire Technology
THEY SAY: Combines HD 1080p 30 frames per second video with high- quality full-duplex speakerphone clarity for business-grade video conferencing. Now groups can collaborate over video from anywhere ? no more competing for those overbooked conference room systems or huddling around a single PC just to have a video meeting.
SPECS: Motorised pan, tilt and zoom, integrated onmi-directional speaker with eight-foot range, 1080p HD video calling, Carl Zeiss Optics lens, ten-foot range remote control.

LOGITECH HD PRO C920 - ?99
Distributor: Gem Distribution, Spire Technology
THEY SAY: The C920 is the first webcam with UVC H.264 technology ? the only webcam that enables true HD 1080p video on Skype. It takes the bandwidth off your PC with UVC H.264 encoding on board and lets users enjoy full HD at the highest resolution quality ? HD 1080p at 30 frames per second.
SPECS: Full HD 1080P video calling, Logitech Fluid Crystal technology, Carl Zeiss lens, built-in dual stereo mics with auto noise reduction.

PLANTRONICS MDA200 - ?76.61
Distributor: Micro-P
THEY SAY: Designed to combat communications challenges, the MDA200 headset communications hub lets users manage PC voice and multimedia, while still maintaining connectivity to their desk phone.
SPECS: Remote call control, wideband audio, true voice clarity, one touch answer functionality, plug- and-play connectivity.

SCOPIA XT1000 - price varies
Distributor: Gem Distribution, Ingram Micro, Westcoast
THEY SAY: Featuring a 720p HD sensor, the LifeCam HD 6000 automatically sharpens your images with auto focus while TrueColor adjusts exposure for bright, vibrant footage. Plus, you?re sure to catch every angle with the 360-degree lens rotation while the widescreen presents a remarkably cinematic feel.
SPECS: Mobile HD video, 720p resolution, plastic element lens, noise reduction microphone, TrueColour technology, auto focus.

LIFECHAT LX-2000 - ?19.99
Distributor: Gem Distribution, Ingram Micro, Westcoast
THEY SAY: The behind-the-head design provides convenient comfort that won?t mess up your hair. And, adjusting the volume or muting the microphone is effortless, thanks to inline volume and microphone controls. Time to go? Because the set is foldable, you can swiftly store the LifeChat LX-2000 for travel.
SPECS: Foldable design, behind-the- head frame, inline volume and microphone controls.

LIFECAM CINEMA - ?35.65
Distributor: Gem Distribution, Ingram Micro, Westcoast
THEY SAY: Don?t miss a thing ? enjoy high-quality 720p HD widescreen video together with crystal clear audio, with the LifeCam Cinema.
SPECS: HD video, 720p resolution, glass element lens, noise reduction microphone, TrueColour technology, auto focus.

SUPERIOR SOUND STEREO HEADSET - ?14.99
Distributor: Group Gear
THEY SAY: This high-performance headset is designed for ultimate comfort, whilst supporting voice recognition applications and is fully compatible with VOIP applications such as Skype.
SPECS: 20hz ? 20Khz frequency response, 110dB/mW sensitivity, 32ohm impedance, 4m cable.

ASUS XTION MOTION SENSOR - ?105.99
Distributor: VIP Distribution
THEY SAY: The world?s first and exclusive professional PC motion sensing development solution. The Xtion PRO development solution allows developers to apply the latest motion-sensing technology in various applications and industries such as education, medical, conferences, games and many more.
SPECS: The Xtion tracks the user?s hand motions without any delay, which turns their hand into a controller. With RGB, Xtion can capture the user?s image, which is useful for human detection in video conferencing.

PLANTRONICS BLACKWIRE C310-M - ?27.90
Distributor: Micro-P
THEY SAY: Simple-to-use, comfortable and durable, the Blackwire C310-M USB headset is the perfect choice for conference calls, web-based training, and PC multimedia applications.
SPECS: Inline volume and mic controls, indicator lights, dynamic EQ, noise-cancelling microphone, wideband audio.

CONTACTS
Gem Distribution: 01279 822822
Group Gear: 0121 503 0666
Ingram Micro: 0871 973 3000
Micro-P: 01282 776776
Midwich: 01379 649200
Spire Technology: 01202 810302
VIP Computers: 0871 622 7500
Westcoast: 0118 912 6000

Want to receive up-to-the-minute tech news straight to your inbox? Then click here?to sign up for the completely free PCR Daily Digest and Newsflash email services. You can also follow PCR on Twitter?and Facebook.

Tags: Retail, Distribution, sector guide, video conferencing

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Source: http://www.pcr-online.biz/news/read/pcr-s-guide-to-video-conferencing/029873

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Self Improvement Times: Time Management Tips - 3 Essential Time ...

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://mimshah.blogspot.com/2012/12/self-improvement-times-time-management.html

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Egypt opposition alleges vote fraud in referendum

Egyptian election workers count ballots at the end of the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of president Mohammed Morsi at a polling station in Giza, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-backed constitution headed toward likely approval in a final round of voting on Saturday, but the deep divisions it has opened up threaten to fuel continued turmoil. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser)

Egyptian election workers count ballots at the end of the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of president Mohammed Morsi at a polling station in Giza, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-backed constitution headed toward likely approval in a final round of voting on Saturday, but the deep divisions it has opened up threaten to fuel continued turmoil. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser)

An Egyptian election worker shows his colleagues an invalid ballot while counting ballots at the end of the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of president Mohammed Morsi at a polling station in Giza, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-backed constitution headed toward likely approval in a final round of voting on Saturday, but the deep divisions it has opened up threaten to fuel continued turmoil. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser)

Egyptian election workers count ballots at the end of the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of president Mohammed Morsi at a polling station in Giza, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-backed constitution headed toward likely approval in a final round of voting on Saturday, but the deep divisions it has opened up threaten to fuel continued turmoil. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser)

Egyptian election workers unseal a ballot box for counting at the end of the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of president Mohammed Morsi at a polling station in Giza, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-backed constitution headed toward likely approval in a final round of voting on Saturday, but the deep divisions it has opened up threaten to fuel continued turmoil. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser)

An Egyptian election worker counts ballots at the end of the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of president Mohammed Morsi at a polling station in Giza, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-backed constitution headed toward likely approval in a final round of voting on Saturday, but the deep divisions it has opened up threaten to fuel continued turmoil. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser)

CAIRO (AP) ? Egypt's opposition called Sunday for an investigation into allegations of vote fraud in the referendum on a deeply divisive Islamist-backed constitution after the Muslim Brotherhood, the main group backing the charter, claimed it passed with a 64 percent "yes" vote.

Official results have not been released yet and are expected on Monday. If the unofficial numbers are confirmed, it will be a victory Islamist President Mohammed Morsi, who is from the Brotherhood.

But for many Egyptians, especially the tens of millions who live in extreme poverty, the results are unlikely to bring a hoped for end to the turmoil that has roiled their country for nearly two years since the uprising that ousted authoritarian leader Hosni Mubarak.

The opposition allegations look likely to prolong the struggle that has exploded in deadly street violence at times over the past month, ensuring that stability will remain elusive.

"The referendum is not the end game. It is only a battle in this long struggle for the future of Egypt," said the National Salvation Front, the main opposition group. "We will not allow a change to the identity of Egypt or the return of the age of tyranny."

The opposition claims the new constitution seeks to enshrine Islamic rule in Egypt and accuses the Islamists of trying to monopolize power.

Critics say it does not sufficiently protect the rights of women and minority groups and empowers Muslim clerics by giving them a say over legislation. Some articles were also seen as tailored to get rid of Islamists' enemies and undermine the freedom of labor unions.

The opposition front said it filed complaints to the country's top prosecutor and the election commission asking for an investigation.

"The results of the referendum are for sure because of the rigging, violations and mismanagement that characterized it," the opposition group said.

However, the Brotherhood insisted violations were limited and should not affect the referendum's integrity.

The Freedom and Justice Party, the Brotherhood's political arm, said it hoped the passage of the constitution would be a "historic opportunity" to heal Egypt's divisions and launch a dialogue to restore stability and build state institutions.

If the violations are considered serious enough, there could be new votes in some areas that alter the results slightly.

One major concern in the aftermath of the constitutional turmoil is Egypt's deteriorating economy, which has been battered by the two years of turmoil and taken an added hit from renewed violence recently.

The referendum was conducted in two stages with the first vote on Dec. 15 and the second on Saturday. The Muslim Brotherhood and some media outlets have accurately tallied the outcome of past elections by compiling numbers released by electoral officials at thousands of individual polling stations shortly after voting closes.

Turnout for the vote was 32 percent of Egypt's more than 51 million eligible voters, according to the Muslim Brotherhood. That was significantly lower than other elections since the uprising ended in February 2011. The opposition has pointed to the low turnout as well as allegations of violations in the voting to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the referendum.

The Brotherhood said 64 percent voted "yes" to the constitution in a tally of both stages of voting. For Saturday's second stage only, the Brotherhood said 71 percent of those who voted said "yes" with 99 percent of polling stations accounted for.

As expected, it was a jump from the first round of voting when about 56 percent said "yes." The provinces that voted in the second round were known for being a base for Brotherhood supporters.

Only about eight million of the 25 million Egyptians eligible to vote in the second stage ? a turnout of about 30 percent ? cast their ballots. Some 32 percent of eligible voters participated in the first round.

The local media has reported results similar to the Brotherhood's. State-owned Al-Ahram newspaper said in its English language online version that 16.2 million eligible voters cast their vote, and the constitution passed with a 63.96 percent. Those numbers reflected totals of the two stages of voting.

The National Salvation Front alleged the vote was marred by lack of complete judicial supervision, which led to overcrowding that pushed down the voting rate. It also charged there was interference by those who were supposed to be supervising the vote, with some instructing people to vote "yes." Many judges who traditionally supervise elections boycotted supervising the vote.

"We don't think the results reflect the true desires of the Egyptian people," Khaled Dawoud, the front's spokesman, told The Associated Press.

The Front said that regardless of the results, it welcomed the participation of many who rejected the constitution and refused to consider it a vote on Islamic law. The group vowed to continue to "democratically" work to change the constitution and praised the high turnout of women.

The Islamists say Islam is core to Egypt's identity and they view the constitution as a foundation to move forward, elect a parliament and build state institutions.

The new constitution will come into effect once official results are announced.

Once that happens, Morsi is expected to call for the election of parliament's lower chamber, the more powerful of the legislature's two houses, within two months.

The opposition said that even though it is challenging the results of the referendum, it will continue to prepare for the upcoming parliamentary elections.

Until the lower chamber is elected, the normally toothless upper house, or Shura Council, will have legislative powers.

On Sunday, Morsi appointed 90 new members to the Islamist-controlled Shura Council as part of his efforts to make the council more representative. The new appointments included at least 25 Islamists and eight Christians. They also include eight women, four of them Christians.

The opposition front said it did not want its members nominated to the Shura Council.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-12-23-Egypt/id-b3a207b520f74dc0bdff247abff0bfbf

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Jawbone UP

The Jawbone UP?($149.99 direct)?is in some ways everything I want from a fitness-tracking gadget. It tracks daily activity and sleep efficiency, comes with a supremely well-designed iPhone app, feels comfortable around my wrist, and includes a vibrating silent alarm, which anyone who shares a bed should at least try. And yet, when I compare it with my favorite fitness device and PCMag's Editors' Choice, the $100 Fitbit One, the Jawbone UP doesn't quite measure up.

The UP costs $50 more and misses many key features that the Fitbit just gets right. One is discretion?not everyone wants to be seen wearing what is essentially a pedometer. The Fitbit One fits snugly on a bra strap, in a pocket, or attached to your waistband. Also, the Jawbone doesn't connect to any other apps or devices. The Fitbit integrates with all the major calorie-counting apps, as well as a Wi-Fi bathroom scale, the Fitbit Aria, for automated weigh-ins.?I wanted to love the Jawbone UP, just as I wanted to love the Nike+ FuelBand. I had high expectations of both, but a middling and lackluster experience.

Design
The relatively thin and flexible bracelet comes in three sizes (small, medium, large) and eight colors: onyx, mint green, light gray, blue, navy blue, red, orange, and hunter green. An embossed zigzag extends the length of the wrap-around band, which is made of medical-grade, hypoallergenic TPU rubber. In theory, you can wear it all the time, even in the shower, although I have not yet given it the full splash test. I'll let common sense, rather?than the instruction manual,?guide that decision.

What's included? You get the UP band, a not-very-helpful quick start guide that will point you to Jawbone's website for additional instructions, and a USB charging cable. Inside the band is a lithium-ion polymer battery that lasts about 10 days on a single charge.

Some reviewers like the Jawbone UP's look, but I doubt they went to a formal dinner in a sleeveless dress while still wearing it. If a device is meant to be worn 24/7, as the Jawbone UP is, I need the option to wear it discreetly. That's a huge selling point for the Fitbit, and a major con for the UP.

It's All in the App
The best aspects of the Jawbone UP are found in the iOS app, the primary?nay, only?way you interact with data. The app shows how many miles you've walked, calories you've burned, charts of your sleeping patterns, your mood should you choose to log it daily, and a summary of what you've eaten.

But wait. There's more. From the app, you can set a silent alarm that vibrates up to 30 minutes ahead of your designated wake up time if it spots an ideal moment for you to get up based on your REM cycles. Pretty neat, eh? There's also a power nap switch that, when activated, looks at your sleep habits to determine whether your best nap would be a 27-minute rest or a 45-minute siesta, or something in between. It then sets the appropriate alarm. The Fitbit One has a silent alarm, too, but it only vibrates at the time you set. One more silent alarm I like in the Jawbone UP is an "idle alert," which I scheduled to remind me to get off my butt after 90 minutes of inactivity Monday through Friday, from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM.

Graphics in the Jawbone UP's app delight the eye with vivacious colors. Interactive gesture-based motions look smooth and fluid. But here's the catch: You must connect the Jawbone to your iPhone's or iPad's headset jack to sync the data and be able to see it. That is to say, the rubbery and lightweight bracelet tells you next to nothing in itself. There are no readouts or displays on the device.?In other words, you need an iOS device. According to the company, an Android app is in hopper, but it's not on the market yet.

The Fitbit One, meanwhile, spoils you with data in a Web app, in mobile apps, and on the gadget itself. Press its tiny button, and you can cycle through your fitness stats, or just view the time, at a moment's notice.

What's Missing and Conclusions
The latest gadgets in the personal fitness market add a heart rate monitor directly on the device, no chest strap needed. I recently received a Basis Alpha to test, which has this feature, and am psyched to write about it soon. A high-tech feature such as this one sets the Jawbone UP even further behind the pack.

The few aspects of the Jawbone UP that I like, I really like. This device could have been great, but the fact that it's limited to iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad users decreases its overall appeal considerably. And in light of our Editors' Choice, the Fitbit One, Jawbone's band doesn't really compete. If you have an iPhone and don't mind not being able to see your data right on the device, it could be a great option, but it's still 50 bucks more.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ziffdavis/pcmag/~3/D_NFA9zS_-M/0,2817,2413303,00.asp

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Nutrient-sensing enzymes key to starvation response and survival in newborn mammals

Public release date: 23-Dec-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Nicole Rura
rura@wi.mit.edu
617-258-6851
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. (December 23, 2012) In the perilous hours immediately after birth, a newborn mammal must survive the sudden loss of food supply from its mother. Under normal circumstances, newborns mount a metabolic response to ward off starvation until feeding occurs. This survival response involves a process of controlled breakdown of internal energetic sources known as autophagy. Although autophagy has been well documented, the key mechanistic regulators of autophagy in vivo have remained poorly understood.

Whitehead Institute researchers have discovered that a family of nutrient-sensing enzymes, dubbed Rag GTPases, modulates the activity of the mTORC1 protein complex, whose inhibition is essential for autophagy and survival in newborns. The finding, reported this week in the journal Nature, emerges from the lab of Whitehead Member David Sabatini, whose earlier in vitro studies showed that mTORC1 (for "mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1") senses the presence of vital amino acids via interactions with Rag GTPases.

To assess the impact of this Rag GTPase-mTORC1 relationship in mammals, the lab generated mice genetically altered to continually express an active form of the GTPase RagA and compared them with wild-type mice. In normal mice, RagA is activated in the presence of nutrients, and turns on the mTORC1 pathway, which regulates organismal growth in response to nutrient availability. If the mice are deprived of nutrients, RagA is switched off, deactivating mTORC1 and initiating autophagy to tide the animal over until the next feeding. However, in the altered mice, RagA's continuous activity keeps mTORC1 active, despite a dearth of available nutrients. Instead of mTORC1 triggering autophagy, the animals' metabolisms remain unchanged, resulting in nutritional crisis and death.

"What happens to a newborn animal with the RagA enzyme always on is pretty shocking," says Sabatini, who is also a professor of biology at MIT and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator. "A normal neonate animal within an hour after birth responds to that condition, but one with its RagA stuck 'on' doesn't, and it dies. It basically has a huge energetic and nutritional crisis because it can't make the adaption."

These striking results stunned Alejo Efeyan, a postdoctoral researcher in the Sabatini lab, and first author of the Nature that describes this work.

"We were surprised that there was no inhibition of this pathway independent of RagAthat there is no backup system," says Efeyan. "And that RagA is a more global nutrient sensor that goes beyond its known function as an amino acid sensor."

RagA's role as an amino acid sensor had been established in cultured cells by the Sabatini lab. Yet when Efeyan compared nutrient levels in fasting newborn RagA-active mice with those of fasting pups with normal RagA, not only amino acids were reduced in RagA-active animals, also glucose levels were dangerously low. The animals were unable to "sense" either of these reductions, so autophagy failed to initiate in the RagA-active pups, which all died within hours of birth.

This newly identified function for RagA suggests much remains unknown about the cell biology of nutrient sensing, an area of research that Sabatini and his lab continue to investigate.

###

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (R01CA129105, R01 CA103866 and R37 AI047389), the American Federation for Aging, Starr Foundation, Koch Institute Frontier Research Program, the Ellison Medical Foundation, the Human Frontiers Science Program, the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research, and the LAM Foundation.

Written by Nicole Giese Rura

David Sabatini's primary affiliation is with Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, where his laboratory is located and all his research is conducted. He is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a professor of biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Full Citation:

"Regulation of mTORC1 by the Rag GTPases is necessary for neonatal autophagy and survival"

Nature, online on December 23, 2012.

Alejo Efeyan (1,2,3,4,5), Roberto Zoncu (1,2,3,4,5), Steven Chang (1,2,3,4,5), Iwona Gumper (6), Harriet Snitkin (6), Rachel L. Wolfson (1,2,3,4,5), Oktay Kirak (1,7), David D. Sabatini (6) and David M. Sabatini (1,2,3,4,5).

1. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

2. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.

3. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

4. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

5. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139.

6. Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016-6497, USA.

7. Present address: The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037.

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 23-Dec-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Nicole Rura
rura@wi.mit.edu
617-258-6851
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. (December 23, 2012) In the perilous hours immediately after birth, a newborn mammal must survive the sudden loss of food supply from its mother. Under normal circumstances, newborns mount a metabolic response to ward off starvation until feeding occurs. This survival response involves a process of controlled breakdown of internal energetic sources known as autophagy. Although autophagy has been well documented, the key mechanistic regulators of autophagy in vivo have remained poorly understood.

Whitehead Institute researchers have discovered that a family of nutrient-sensing enzymes, dubbed Rag GTPases, modulates the activity of the mTORC1 protein complex, whose inhibition is essential for autophagy and survival in newborns. The finding, reported this week in the journal Nature, emerges from the lab of Whitehead Member David Sabatini, whose earlier in vitro studies showed that mTORC1 (for "mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1") senses the presence of vital amino acids via interactions with Rag GTPases.

To assess the impact of this Rag GTPase-mTORC1 relationship in mammals, the lab generated mice genetically altered to continually express an active form of the GTPase RagA and compared them with wild-type mice. In normal mice, RagA is activated in the presence of nutrients, and turns on the mTORC1 pathway, which regulates organismal growth in response to nutrient availability. If the mice are deprived of nutrients, RagA is switched off, deactivating mTORC1 and initiating autophagy to tide the animal over until the next feeding. However, in the altered mice, RagA's continuous activity keeps mTORC1 active, despite a dearth of available nutrients. Instead of mTORC1 triggering autophagy, the animals' metabolisms remain unchanged, resulting in nutritional crisis and death.

"What happens to a newborn animal with the RagA enzyme always on is pretty shocking," says Sabatini, who is also a professor of biology at MIT and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator. "A normal neonate animal within an hour after birth responds to that condition, but one with its RagA stuck 'on' doesn't, and it dies. It basically has a huge energetic and nutritional crisis because it can't make the adaption."

These striking results stunned Alejo Efeyan, a postdoctoral researcher in the Sabatini lab, and first author of the Nature that describes this work.

"We were surprised that there was no inhibition of this pathway independent of RagAthat there is no backup system," says Efeyan. "And that RagA is a more global nutrient sensor that goes beyond its known function as an amino acid sensor."

RagA's role as an amino acid sensor had been established in cultured cells by the Sabatini lab. Yet when Efeyan compared nutrient levels in fasting newborn RagA-active mice with those of fasting pups with normal RagA, not only amino acids were reduced in RagA-active animals, also glucose levels were dangerously low. The animals were unable to "sense" either of these reductions, so autophagy failed to initiate in the RagA-active pups, which all died within hours of birth.

This newly identified function for RagA suggests much remains unknown about the cell biology of nutrient sensing, an area of research that Sabatini and his lab continue to investigate.

###

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (R01CA129105, R01 CA103866 and R37 AI047389), the American Federation for Aging, Starr Foundation, Koch Institute Frontier Research Program, the Ellison Medical Foundation, the Human Frontiers Science Program, the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research, and the LAM Foundation.

Written by Nicole Giese Rura

David Sabatini's primary affiliation is with Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, where his laboratory is located and all his research is conducted. He is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a professor of biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Full Citation:

"Regulation of mTORC1 by the Rag GTPases is necessary for neonatal autophagy and survival"

Nature, online on December 23, 2012.

Alejo Efeyan (1,2,3,4,5), Roberto Zoncu (1,2,3,4,5), Steven Chang (1,2,3,4,5), Iwona Gumper (6), Harriet Snitkin (6), Rachel L. Wolfson (1,2,3,4,5), Oktay Kirak (1,7), David D. Sabatini (6) and David M. Sabatini (1,2,3,4,5).

1. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

2. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.

3. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

4. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

5. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139.

6. Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016-6497, USA.

7. Present address: The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037.

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/wifb-nek122112.php

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Susan Kaiser Greenland: Parents, Guns and Awareness

It's easy to feel helpless against assault weapons with hundreds of rounds of bullets packed into their clips and ready to go.

It's easy to feel as if one voice - your voice, my voice - could never be heard above the shrill national discourse on the subject of gun control.

But one voice, especially a parent's voice, can make a difference if he or she is willing to ask other parents a few basic questions about guns in their homes.

Thirty percent is a conservative estimate of how many American households own guns.

In some states the number of homes that have guns exceed thirty percent and, if you live in one of those states, it's likely that you've dropped your children off to play at a house where there are guns. There's no easy answer to whether it's right or wrong to do so, nor is that the point of this post. This exploration is around whether parents are aware of what they are doing when they're doing it.

A fact-of-life in America today is that people keep guns in their homes. Maybe you don't have guns in your house, but other parents do. So, it makes sense for parents to ask about guns every time they drop their children off for a playdate, or sleepover, or birthday party. And, if the answer is "Yes, I do have guns in my home," a number of follow-up questions emerge immediately:

? How many guns do you own?
? What kind of guns are they?
? Are your guns loaded?
? Where do you keep them?
? Are your guns kept in a locked cabinet?
? Do your children know where your guns are?
? Do your children know where to find the keys to the cabinet?
? From these questions other questions will naturally emerge, I promise.

I'm not an expert on guns (although as a child I got pretty good at knocking soda cans off of a block during target practice) but I do know something about awareness. And, one of the most powerful by-products of awareness is that once you're aware of something your relationship to it will change. Thoughtful, steady, and open-minded conversation around peoples' motivations for owning guns, and their care in keeping them away from children and those who may not have a good-hearted motivation, is how those in favor of gun control and those against it can find common ground.

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Follow Susan Kaiser Greenland on Twitter: www.twitter.com/sKAISERg

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-kaiser-greenland/parents-guns-and-awarenes_b_2349846.html

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Giant tooth hints at truly monumental dinosaur

They were the biggest animals ever to walk the Earth ? now a new fossil suggests the largest sauropod dinosaurs were even bigger than we thought.

Sauropods were enormous plant-eating beasts with long necks and tails. The biggest are aptly named titanosaurs, and could reach 30 metres long and weigh 80 tonnes.

But some titanosaurs may have been even bigger than that, says Rodolfo Garc?a at the National University of R?o Negro in Argentina. He has found a 7.5-centimetre-long titanosaur tooth at Salitral de Santa Rosa in R?o Negro ? that makes it 32 per cent longer than the previous record holder.

Did it belong to a titanosaur even bigger than any found so far? Garc?a says it is possible: the tooth probably came from an enormous skull, he says, which suggests a monumental body.

Philip Mannion of Imperial College London points out that we do not yet have good fossil skulls of the largest titanosaurs, so the tooth might simply belong to one of them. We'll need to find more of the dinosaur from which the tooth came to convince him that it was an even bigger beast.

If more evidence was found to suggest its existence, the next task would be to name it. Palaeontologists would need to go one better than Ultrasaurus, Supersaurus and Megalosaurus but Colossasaurus is still up for grabs.

Journal reference: Cretaceous Research, doi.org/j2w

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